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    • Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (MSO-CTIO)
      • Telescopes
        • Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope
          • Instruments Available on Blanco
          • Optical Properties
            • Basic Optical Parameters
            • Available Foci & Instruments
          • Horizon Limits
          • A note on Blanco pointing
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        • SOAR Telescope
          • About SOAR
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          • Telescope limits, overheads and efficiency
          • Acknowledging SOAR
          • News
            • 2021
              • NOIRLab Transition and SOAR Interfaces
              • SOAR participates in study of sextuple eclipsing binary
            • 2020
              • SOAR Telescope resumes science operations
              • SOAR Telescope suspends science operations (revised and updated)
              • Call for Proposals 2020B - SOAR Opportunities
            • 2019
              • Warning on macOS Upgrade to Catalina
              • Call for Proposals 2020A - SOAR Opportunities
              • Automated Observing Network Inaugurated at SOAR Telescope
              • Start of SOAR-AEON observations for the 2019B semester
              • SOAR 2019B Observing Opportunities
              • The VISCACHA survey: deep and spatially resolved photometry of Magellanic Cloud star clusters with SAM
              • January 19 Earthquake (updated)
            • 2018
              • SOAR Aluminizing Shutdown - Final Update
              • TESS Follow-Up at SOAR
              • Goodman Radial Velocity Measurements - Update
              • SOAR Projects Status
              • Solar System Occultations at SOAR
              • Release of the Goodman Spectrograph Data Reduction Pipeline
              • SOAR 2018B Proposals
              • Deep SAM AO Imaging of a distant young cluster
              • SOAR 2018 Summer Interns
            • 2017
              • SAM using SOI Filter Wheel
              • SAM Fabry-Perot Call for Proposals
              • SOAR tracks spectroscopic evolution of historic LIGO discovery
              • Desierto Florido on the Road to Pachón
              • Punching Above Its Weight, a Brown Dwarf Launches a Parsec-Scale Jet
              • In Memoriam - Daniel Maturana
              • SIFS SV Call for Proposals; Goodman Updates; SOAR 2020 Workshop
              • Announcements: SAM F-P & Workshop on SOAR Science 2020
            • 2016
              • Daniel Maturana retires
              • Goodman Spectrograph Updates (Oct 21, 2016)
              • Additional Information for 2017A Proposers
              • Early-Science call for observing time with SAM-FP
              • Resolved time-series photometry of Globular Clusters with SAM
              • Time Change in Chile
              • Instrumentation Update for Proposers
            • 2015
              • Variable stars in globular clusters with SAM
              • New slit-viewing acquisition camera for the Goodman spectrograph
              • SOAR Hiring Data Assistant
              • Spring Snow Storm of Oct 14, 2015
              • Earthquake Impact at SOAR - updated
              • SOAR Instrumentation News
              • 2015 SOAR Board Meeting
              • SOAR Winter Storm
              • First SOAR MOS observations find old Galactic globular cluster with no signatures of multiple stellar populations
              • SOAR observations key to identifying the densest galaxies known
              • SOAR held its Review Committee 2015
              • First Snow of 2015 at Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachon
              • The SOAR Adaptive Optics Module (SAM) takes a sharp look at HH-46/47
            • 2014
              • Cosmic Skidmark
              • Gravitational Arcs in the Galaxy Cluster Abel 370
            • 2013
            • 2012
            • 2011
              • SOAR dome struck by laser!
              • SOAR Adaptive Module (SAM) Closes the Loop
              • Beginning of Summer Time in Chile
              • SOAR Adaptive Module (SAM) UV LASER Launch
              • SAM Commissioning
              • SIFS First Light
            • 2005
              • Loop Closed With Real DM, CCD-39 and Software In the Lab!
        • SMARTS Consortium
          • SMARTS 1.5-meter Telescope
          • SMARTS 0.9-meter Telescope
          • SMARTS History
            • SMARTS Telescopes' Histories
            • 0.9-m History
        • Tenant Telescopes
      • Instruments
        • Dark Energy Camera (Blanco)
          • Safety Precautions
          • Acknowledgments in Publications
          • The DECam User Guide
            • Getting Help
            • Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) and Overheads
            • Preparing Observing Scripts
            • Photometric Standard Stars
            • Setup
            • Taking Exposures
            • Afternoon Calibrations
            • At the Start of the Night
            • During the Night
            • At the End of the Night
            • How to Take the Data Home
            • Troubleshooting
          • Instrument Characteristics
          • Status of DECam CCDs
          • DECam Shutter
          • Known Problems
          • Calibration Files
          • Communicating DECam Exposures to Ignore
          • FAQ
          • The DECam eROSITA Survey (DeROSITAS)
        • NEWFIRM
          • NEWFIRM Manual
          • NEWFIRM Instrument
            • Detectors
            • Optics
            • Filters
          • NEWFIRM Observing
            • NEWFIRM Startup Guide
            • NEWFIRM Observing Guide
            • NEWFIRM Guider Operation
          • NEWFIRM Data Products and Data Reduction
            • NEWFIRM Data Handbook
            • NEWFIRM Quick Reduction Pipeline
          • NEWFIRM Technical Publications
            • TBD
          • NEWFIRM News
          • NEWFIRM Characteristics
          • NEWFIRM Publications
        • COSMOS (Blanco)
          • User Manual
          • Startup
          • Observing
          • Dispersers
          • Throughput
          • Calibration Lamp Exposure Times
          • Comparison-Lamp-Spectra
          • Contact
        • Goodman (SOAR)
          • Overview
          • Goodman Cheat Sheet
          • Instrument Characteristics
            • Goodman Long slits
            • Gratings
            • Blue Camera
            • Blue Camera Throughput
            • Red Camera
            • GACAM
          • Calibration Information
            • Arc Lamp Library
            • Typical Flat & Arc lamp exposure times
            • Typical Focus Values
          • Goodman HTS Manual
            • Introduction
            • Hardware
            • Software
          • Observing with Goodman
            • Estimating Exposure Times
            • Multi-Object Spectroscopy
            • Measuring Radial Velocities
            • Optimizing CCD read out
            • Imaging focus
          • Data Reduction Pipeline
          • Pages for Support Staff
            • Startup Guide
            • Goodman Troubleshooting
            • Blue Camera Cold Start
            • Red Camera Cold Start
            • Cryotiger Help Page
            • Naming syntax for Gratings, Slits, Filters
        • SAM (SOAR)
          • Instrument Characteristics
            • Performance
            • Filters for SAMI
          • Fabry-Perot module
            • SAM F-P Characteristics
            • SAM-FP Filters
          • SAM User Guides
            • Observing with SAM
            • Reducing SAM Images
          • SAM Pages for Support Staff
            • Uploading PAM files
            • Technical Manuals
            • Technical Publications
            • Instrument Documentation
            • Laser Safety
          • History & Milestones
        • SIFS (SOAR)
          • SIFS First Light
          • SIFS Characteristics & Performance
        • SOI (SOAR)
          • SOI Overview
          • SOI Introduction
          • SOI Hardware
          • SOI Software
          • Dome Flats Exposure Times
          • Fringing in SOI
          • Reducing SOI Images
          • SOI Image Reduction Guide
          • SOI Distances to optical elements
        • TSpec IR (SOAR)
          • Commissioning and Science Verification
          • Differences from Blanco
          • Instrument Calibration
          • Observing Guide
          • Instrument Characteristics
          • Startup and Shutdown Guide
          • History
        • SPARTAN IR (SOAR)
          • SPARTAN Cookbook
          • Typical Flat exposure times
          • Spartan Trouble-Shooting
          • Spartan's Frequent Asked Questions
          • Spartan Documentation
        • Visitor Instruments (SOAR)
          • HRCam (SOAR)
        • CHIRON (SMARTS 1.5-m)
          • CHIRON Overview
        • Tek2K (SMARTS 0.9-m)
      • Retired Instruments
        • ARCoIRIS (Blanco)
          • Instrument Characteristics
            • Instrument Overview
            • ETC and Sensitivity
            • On-Sky Rotator Vector
            • Spectral Format
            • Slit Assembly
          • Startup Guide
          • Calibration
          • Data Reduction
          • Contact
          • Acknowledgments
          • History
        • CFCCD
          • CFCCD Manual index
          • Telescope and Focus Choice
          • Instrument & Computer Configuration
          • Data Taking Procedures
          • Detector Characteristics
          • Appendix CFCCD
        • Hydra (Blanco)
          • Overview
          • VNC
          • Hydra User's Manual
            • A CTIO Hydra User's Manual
            • Preparation
            • Observing Environment
            • Calibrations
            • Reductions
            • Common Problem - Simple Solutions
          • Documentation
            • The Hydra Positioner
            • Hints & Tips
              • Temperature-Focus relationship for Hydra
              • Focus & Throughput
              • How to use the TV camera in the chimney
            • Knut's Hydra Notes
          • Software
            • Hydra Simulator
            • FOPS Guider
              • Starting the FOPS Guider
              • FOPS Alignment
            • The Hydra Positioner Software
              • Overview
              • Embedded Galil Software Coding Standard
              • Embedded Galil Software Files
              • Embedded Galil Software Routines
              • Galil Box Input assignments
              • Hydraassign
              • Source Code
              • Init, Status, Script and Coord Files
              • User Interface
              • IRAF Output File
              • GWC Variables
              • Trouble-shooting
              • Measuring Concentricities
              • Downloading the Galil Software
              • How to obtain the Hydra CTIO Simulator
            • Hydra Spectrograph GUI
              • SMC Commands
          • Hydra Bench Spectrograph
            • HBS - 229mm
            • HBS - 400 mm
            • Gratings for Hydra MOS
          • Calibration Lamps
            • Reference Spectra
          • Fibers
            • Efficiency of Aperture Types
          • Hydra Safety
            • Procedimientos & Seguridad
            • Using Oxygen Monitor
          • Engineering
            • Hydra Dark Current I: SITe 400mm camera (2001)
            • Hydra Dark Current II: Keeping the dark current low (2001)
            • Summary of Hydra-CTIO Maintenance Work (2001)
            • Hydra Report - August 2002: Eng. Run
            • Hydra Report - May 2002
            • Hydra Status Report Updated 2002
              • Daniel's email
              • Javier's email
            • Hydra Report - March 2004
              • Peter Frinchaboy & Bill Kunkel's mail
            • Hydra Meeting - August 23, 2004
            • Maintenance work between observing blocks
            • Gripper Fixes
        • ISPI (Blanco)
          • ISPI Overview
            • ISPI Mechanical Design
            • ISPI Optical Design
            • ISPI GUI
            • ISPI Performance
          • ISPI Quick reference guide
          • ISPI Users Guide
            • ISPI Start-Up Procedure
            • ISPI Observing Notes
            • ISPI Flat Fields
            • ISPI Linearity Correction
            • ISPI Data Reduction
            • Guiding with ISPI
          • ISPI Troubleshooting & known problems
            • ISPI Noise & noise patterns
            • ISPI Problems related to the TCS
            • Problems related to the ISPI GUI
            • Re-starting ISPI
          • ISPI contact information
            • ISPI Project Team
          • ISPI Publications
        • MOSAIC (Blanco)
          • Documentation
            • Cookbook
              • detpars
              • instrpars
              • obspars
              • telpars
              • wheel1
            • Historic Information for Mosaic
              • 4-m MOSAIC II First Pictures
              • Mosaic II CCDs
              • Previous CCD test data for 16-channel mode
              • Previous CCD test data for 8-channel mode
            • MOSAIC Manual
              • Overview
              • Introduction
              • Hardware
              • Software
              • Images
              • Appendix A
              • Appendix B
              • Appendix C
              • Flat-Field Exposures
              • FEP
            • MOSOCS
            • ADC
          • Calibration Data
            • CCD test data for 16 channel mode
            • Photometric Zero Points & Color Terms
            • CCD test data for 8 channel mode
            • Crosstalk on the CTIO Blanco 4m
            • Bad Pixel Mask for 8 channel mode
            • Sky Rates
          • Known Problems
            • Amplifier failure
            • Arcon crashes
            • Fix Headers
            • Limitations in absolute timing
              • Problems with Absolute timing
            • Focusing
            • Temperature control
          • FAQ
          • Support Notes
            • Common Questions and Procedures
            • Glowing amp pictures
            • Using VNC with Mosaic
            • Mosaic Checklist
            • Standard 'SetFiles' for MosaicII (8 CCD mode)
            • Single Controller 'SetFile' for MosaicII
            • How to make OTFs
            • Changing Mosaic data acquisition machines
            • Checking and Restarting the Mosaic PVMs
            • Mosaic Pre-Run Checkout Procedure
            • Booting up and shutting down ctioa8
            • Problem Solving and Tricks
        • OSIRIS (Blanco/1.5-m/SOAR)
        • 4.0-m R-C Spectrograph
          • 4.0-m R-C Spectrograph Quick Reference
          • Comparison Atlases
          • R-C Basic Description
            • Slit/Decker
            • Filters for the 4m R-C Spectrograph
            • RC Collimators
            • 4mRC Gratings